Yanagita Kunio: A Life in Dialogue with the Depths of This Land
柳田國男:この国の肚と、対話し続けた生涯


IBUKI: The Breath of the People – Hiragana Times August 2026 issue

Listen to the Audio:

Yanagita Kunio: A Life in Dialogue with the Depths of This Land

柳田國男やなぎたくにお:このくにはらと、対話たいわつづけた生涯しょうがい


Japan is an island nation floating in the Northern Hemisphere, at the eastern edge of the Eurasian continent.
日本にほんは、地球ちきゅう北半球きたはんきゅう、ユーラシア大陸たいりくひがしのはしにかぶ島国しまぐにです。

Surrounded by the sea, rich in mountains, and blessed with vividly changing seasons, it has also long lived face to face with the forces of nature—earthquakes, typhoons, heavy rains, heavy snow, and volcanic eruptions.
うみかこまれ、やまおおく、四季しきあざやかにめぐる一方いっぽうで、地震じしん台風たいふう大雨おおあめ大雪おおゆき火山噴火かざんふんかなど、自然しぜん脅威きょういともってきました。

This land, both harsh and abundant, has taught the people who live here to endure, to help one another, and to hold nature in awe and reverence.
このきびしくもゆたかな土地とちは、そこにきる人々ひとびとに、えること、たすうこと、そして自然しぜんおそうやまこころおしえてきました。

Within it live the ways of people who have inhabited this land since ancient times, as well as the wisdom of those who crossed the sea to arrive here. In more recent times, too, there are those who have made their lives in this country and, while being shaped by Japan’s climate and culture, have become part of what forms Japan today.
そこには、太古たいこからこのきてきた人々ひとびといとなみと、うみわたってきた人々ひとびと知恵ちえがあります。さらに近年きんねんこのくにみ、日本にほん風土ふうどまりながら、このくにをともにかたちづくる人々ひとびと息吹いぶきもあります。

In this section, through the lives of figures shaped by Japan’s climate, land, and history, we trace the breath of the people that lives within this nation.
このコーナーでは、日本にほん風土ふうど歴史れきしはぐくんだ人物じんぶつたちをとおして、このくにの「たみのいぶき」をたどります。

Yanagita Kunio

On the night of a summer matsuri, without realizing it, we touch upon a certain world. Welcoming the kami, remembering our ancestors, facing what cannot be seen—there was a man who spent his entire life gazing into this disposition of the heart. He was the father of Japanese folklore studies, Yanagita Kunio.
夏祭なつまつりのよるわたしたちはらずらず、ある世界せかいれています。かみむかえ、先祖せんぞおもい、えないものとう——そのこころりようを、生涯しょうがいをかけてつめたひとがいます。日本民俗学にほんみんぞくがくちち柳田國男やなぎたくにおです。

Yanagita was born and raised in Tsujikawa, in Hyōgo Prefecture. He was born the sixth of eight brothers into the Matsuoka family, who had practiced medicine for generations (the name Yanagita came later, through adoption). Of the eight, three died in early childhood, and five grew up. The house where he was born, Yanagita would later call “the smallest house in Japan.”
柳田やなぎたまれそだったのは、兵庫県ひょうごけん辻川つじかわ代々だいだい家業かぎょうとする松岡まつおかの、八人兄弟はちにんきょうだい六番目ろくばんめとしてまれました(柳田姓やなぎたせいは、のち養子ようしによる)。八人はちにんのうち三人さんにんは、おさないうちにり、そだったのは五人ごにん。その生家せいかを、柳田やなぎたはのちに「日本一にほんいちちいさないえ」とびました。

A family of scholarly blood, and yet their life was cramped and poor. In that small house, the parents and the eldest son’s couple were forced to live together; wife and mother-in-law quarreled, until at last the eldest brother divorced—and this confinement, the young Yanagita came to know in his very skin as he grew.
学問がくもん血筋ちすじでありながら、らしはせまく、まずしい。せまいえ親夫婦おやふうふ長男夫婦ちょうなんふうふ無理むり同居どうきょし、よめしゅうとめがいさかい、ついには長兄ちょうけい離縁りえんする——その窮屈きゅうくつさを、おさな柳田やなぎたは、はだってそだちました。

Why must this house be so small? Why must people crowd together, only to turn against one another? The shape of a house, and the human heart. The seed of that question had already taken root within him, here in this small house.
なぜ、いえはこれほどせまいのか。なぜ、ひとあつまって、いがみわねばならないのか。いえのかたちと、ひとこころ。そのいのは、すでにこのちいさないえで、かれなか宿やどっていたのです。

Yanagita's birthplace

When Yanagita was nine, the family moved to Hōjō, also in Hyōgo, the home village of his mother. And there, Yanagita saw a scene he would never forget for the rest of his life. A famine. That year, hunger struck the village.
柳田やなぎたが9さいのとき、一家いっかは、おな兵庫ひょうごの、はは故郷こきょうである北条ほうじょううつります。そしてそので、柳田やなぎたは、生涯しょうがいわすれえぬ光景こうけいました。飢饉ききんです。そのとしむらえがおそいました。

A wealthy merchant house built a stove beneath its eaves and cooked rice gruel to give away. Gaunt, wasted people, holding earthenware pots, formed a long line. A single bowl of gruel, held out. A bony hand, receiving it. This scene, they say, went on for a whole month. The young Yanagita must have watched that line without once blinking. In Japan, a land that should have been blessed with abundant harvests—why must people go so hungry?
ゆたかな商家しょうかが、軒先のきさきかまどきずいて、かゆす。ほそった人々ひとびとが、土瓶どびんげて、ながれつをつくる。される、一杯いっぱいかゆ。それをる、ほねばった。その光景こうけいが、ひとつきものあいだ、つづいたといいます。少年しょうねん柳田やなぎたは、まばたきもせず、そのれつつめていたことでしょう。みのりのくにであるはずの日本にほんで、なぜ、ひとはこれほどえるのか——。

Famine scene 1
Famine scene 2

In time, while still a boy, Yanagita went east, to rely on his eldest brother. This brother, Kanae, was fifteen years his senior—a brother who was almost like a father. He had become a doctor, and had opened a practice in Fukawa, in Ibaraki, on the banks of the Tone River. There, under his brother’s roof, Yanagita came upon another scene.
やがて柳田やなぎたは、少年しょうねんのころ、いちばんうえあにたのって、ひがしうつります。長兄ちょうけいかなえは、柳田やなぎたより十五もとしはなれた、ちちのようなあにでした。医者いしゃとなり、利根川とねがわのほとりの茨城いばらき布川ふかわで、医院いいんひらいていた。そのあにのもとで、柳田やなぎたは、もうひとつの光景こうけい出会であいます。

Fukawa region

In a temple in Fukawa, a single painting had been offered. What it depicted was this—a mother raising her hand against her newborn child. “Mabiki.” The reality of the common people, who, in their poverty, had no choice but to give up a child they could not raise. On the paper screen behind the mother, her shadow fell like a demon, and beside her, a Jizō, grieving for the lost child, stood quietly. Yanagita could not move from before that painting.
布川ふかわてらに、一枚いちまい奉納ほうのうされていました。そこにえがかれていたのは——まれたばかりのに、母親ははおやをかける姿すがたでした。「間引まびき」です。まずしさゆえにそだてることのできぬを、あきらめるしかなかった、たみ現実げんじつはは背後はいご障子しょうじには、そのかげおにのようにうつり、かたわらには、いた地蔵じぞうが、しずかにっていました。柳田やなぎたは、そのまえから、うごけませんでした。

Temple painting Mabiki

The line of people waiting for food, seen in his home province. The figure of a mother giving up her child, seen in the temple. Just behind the modern age, with all its striving for wealth, people had been living lives this desperate. Why must people starve to death? Why must a mother give up her own child? These questions never left Yanagita, all his life. And they crystallized into a single conviction—famine must be wiped from this world.
故郷こきょうた、えになら人々ひとびとれつてらた、あきらめるはは姿すがたゆたかさをきそ近代きんだいの、すぐ裏側うらがわで、人々ひとびとはこれほど切実せつじつきてきた。なぜ、ひとえてなねばならないのか。なぜ、ははは、わがあきらめねばならないのか。このいは、生涯しょうがい柳田やなぎたはなしませんでした。そして、ひとつの信念しんねんへと結晶けっしょうします——飢饉ききんを、このから、やさねばならない。

That resolve set him on the path of agricultural policy. He studied agricultural administration at Tokyo Imperial University and became an official in the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. A nation shaped so that its people would never go hungry—this he sought to build from the side of the institutions. Yet, as he walked through villages across the country, another question began to take root in Yanagita’s heart.
そのこころざしが、かれを、農政のうせいみちすすませました。東京帝国大学とうきょうていこくだいがく農政のうせいまなび、農商務省のうしょうむしょう官僚かんりょうとなります。たみえさせぬくにのかたちを、かれは、制度せいどがわからきずこうとしたのです。けれど、全国ぜんこく村々むらむらあるくうちに、柳田やなぎたこころに、もうひとつのいが芽生めばえます。

Continue Reading In Hiragana Times

つづきをむ — Hiragana Times 本誌ほんし


Direct Subscription
Direct Subscription RECOMMENDED
Special Rate Up To 30% Off
直販ページからのお申込で最大30%OFF

Digital Packages
Read and listen in your browser — available in bundles.
誌面と音声を、パッケージでご利用いただけます。

Print Back Issues
Print Back Issues
Explore our archive of past editions.
過去の号を探す。

More From Hiragana Times

Hiragana Times Discord Community
Join the Hiragana Times Discord Community — Free!
Connect with readers worldwide — free, open, and always welcoming.
世界の読者とつながる、無料のDiscordコミュニティへようこそ。

nihongo.net
Online Japanese lessons, run by Hiragana Times.
One month free for Hiragana Times subscribers.
ひらがなタイムズ定期購読者は、1ヶ月無料でご受講いただけます。