one of the sword on Blades imbued with a sacred radiance, housing the soul

Blades imbued with a sacred radiance, housing the soul

Blades imbued with a sacred radiance, housing the soul – 神聖な輝きに魂宿す刀剣 

[Japan Style – from March 2024 issue]

 

The most famous sword in Japan is perhaps the “Kusanagi-no-Tsurugi (grass-mowing sword).” It is still handed down in the emperor’s family as one of the “Three Sacred Treasures” that are inherited along with the imperial throne.

日本で一番有名な刀剣は、「草薙剣」ではないでしょうか。皇位とともに受け継がれる宝物「三種の神器ルビ:さんしゅのじんぎ」の一つとして、今も天皇家に伝承されています。

In the “Kojiki” and “Nihon Shoki,” it is described that a divine sword emerged from the tail after slaying the eight-headed serpent, Yamata no Orochi, becoming a sacred sword to protect the country since then. Currently enshrined as the main deity at Atsuta Shrine, a replica believed to house the spirit of the deity is kept at the Imperial Palace. Even the Emperor is said to be prohibited from viewing it.

「古事記」「日本書紀」には、八つの頭を持つ大蛇、八岐大蛇を退治した時に尾から出てきたと記され、その時から国を護る神剣となりました。現在、熱田神宮のご神体として祀られ、皇居にあるのは神霊を宿したと言われる写しであり、天皇ですら見ることが禁じられているそうです。

A sword is a work of art of the highest quality that celebrates elegance and lean beauty. At the same time, it is a weapon of strength, a talisman to protect oneself, and a votive offering to the gods, and is also revered as a deity itself. Numerous legends also tell of spiritual and supernatural powers dwelling within these swords.

刀剣は優美で無駄のない美しさをたたえる最高級の芸術品であると同時に、強さを兼ね備えた武器であり、自分を守るお守りであり、神様に奉納するものであり、さらに神様そのものとして敬われています。刀剣には霊力、妖力が宿っているという伝説も数々残されています。

Kinnashi Blade - one of the sword on Japan style

SANJOU Munechika, one of the most renowned swordsmiths of the Heian period (8th to 12th century), is said to have crafted a sword together with a fox incarnate and presented it to the emperor. In Munechika’s masterpiece, the “National Treasure – Mikazuki Munekane (Crescent-moon Munechika)” housed in the Tokyo National Museum, the supple blade exudes a sensation of something beyond human strength.

平安時代(8~12世紀)のもっとも有名な刀工、三条宗近は、天皇に献上する太刀[たち]を狐の化身と一緒に作ったのだとか。宗近の最高傑作「国宝・三日月宗近」(東京国立博物館蔵)のしなやかな刀身には、人の力を超えた何かが感じられます。

Moreover, the equally fine blade “National Treasure – Doujikiri Yasutsuna” (Crafted by HOUKI Yasutsuna, housed in the Tokyo National Museum) is said to have vanquished the feared demon Shuten-douji, who terrorized the people of the capital. Beyond demons, there are numerous legends of slaying supernatural beings, and during such times, the sword is believed to take on a personality, playing a significant role in aiding and protecting humans.

また、同じく名刀の「国宝・童子切安綱」(伯耆安綱作・東京国立博物館蔵)は、都の人々に恐れられていた鬼であった酒呑童子を退治したと言われています。鬼はもとより妖怪退治の伝承も数多くあり、その時、刀は人格を持って大活躍して人間を助けてくれます。

Including these two swords, the Tokyo National Museum in Ueno, Tokyo, houses 19 out of the 122 designated national treasures of swords in Japan as of 2022. Notably, many of these swords were presented to the imperial family during the Edo period (17-19th century) to pre-World War II, boasting a collection of renowned swords of the nation.

この二振を含め、東京国立博物館(東京・上野)には、日本が国の宝として指定する刀剣122件の内19件が所蔵されています(2022年現在)。特に、江戸時代(17~19世紀)から第二次世界大戦前にかけて皇室や皇族に献上されたものが多く、天下にとどろく名刀がそろっています。

For us in the modern era, the Japanese sword is a work of art. When displayed in museums and art galleries, its extraordinary beauty radiates a commanding presence, imbuing the atmosphere with an unmistakable air of exclusivity.

現代の私たちにとっての日本刀は美術品です。博物館や美術館に展示されると、ただならぬ美しさで威光を放ち、特別な空気がみなぎります。

one of the sword on Blades imbued with a sacred radiance, housing the soul

The Japanese sword consists of the blade and the tousougu (external components). The blade is made of hard and sharp iron. It uses sand iron as the raw material and employs a unique Japanese steelmaking method called “tatara-buki” to create a special iron known as tamahagane. The tousougu, broadly categorized into hilt, guard, and scabbard, incorporates precious materials such as metal, wood, fabric, thread, leather, lacquer, mother-of-pearl, gemstones, and cloisonne. It’s a collection of the finest craftsmanship by artisans. Similar to the blade, the tousougu is also a splendid work of art.

日本刀は、刀身とそれを保護する外装である「刀装具」から成ります。刀身は硬くて鋭い鉄製です。砂鉄を原料とし、「たたら吹き」という日本独自の製鉄法で作った玉鋼という特別な鉄を用います。刀装具には大きく分けて柄、鍔[つば]、鞘[さや]があり、金属、木、布、糸、皮、漆、夜光貝[やこうがい]、玉宝石)、七宝[しっぽう]などの貴重な素材が使われます。職人たちの技術の粋が集められているのです。刀装具も刀身同様、見事な芸術品です。 

“Tatara” might ring a bell for those who have seen Studio Ghibli’s animated film “Princess Mononoke.” In this context, “tatara” refers to foot-operated bellows, a tool used to blow air into a furnace. The story unfolds in this “tatara site,” where mountains are carved to extract sand iron, and trees from the forest are cut down to produce charcoal. “Princess Mononoke” narrates the conflict between humans who have polluted the forest and the gods of the forest.

「たたら」は、スタジオジブリのアニメ映画「もののけ姫」をご覧になった方なら記憶にあるかもしれません。「たたら」とは、炉に風を送るための足踏み式の道具「ふいご」のことです。物語の舞台がこの「たたら場」で、そこでは山を削って砂鉄を掘り、森の木を伐採して木炭を作ります。「もののけ姫」は、森を穢した人間と森の神(もののけ)の戦いを描いた物語なのです。

Using the “tatara method,” the steel created is heated to a blazing red, around 1300 degrees, and then subjected to a process of repeated heating, hammering, stretching, folding, and hammering again. Through this meticulous process, high-purity steel is achieved, possessing a tenacity and strength that cannot be replicated even with the most advanced modern techniques. As purity increases, it’s said that iron approaches transparency and emits a bluish-white light. The enduring radiance and rust resistance, even after nearly 2000 years, are attributed to the thorough removal of impurities. Performing these painstaking tasks results in the unique characteristics of Japanese swords – they don’t break, they don’t bend, and they cut exceptionally well.

この「たたら製法」で作った鋼[はがね]を1300度の火の中にくべて真っ赤に燃やし、叩いて伸ばし、折りたたんではまた叩いて伸ばしていくという作業を何度も繰り返していきます。すると、現代のどんな最新の技術を使っても作ることができない、粘りや強度を持つ高純度の鋼となります。純度が高まると、鉄は透明に近づき青白い光を放つといわれます。今も神々しいほどに輝き、2000年近くたっても錆びないというのは、不純物が徹底的に取り除かれているからだそうです。こうした気の遠くなるような作業を行うことで、折れず、曲がらず、よく斬れるという、日本刀ならではの特性が現れます。

Tamahagane is using to make a sword

The long blade of the sword, with a gentle curvature, has its tip finely sharpened. The surface displays woodgrain-like patterns, and the motifs known as “hamon” between the blade and the iron base not only indicate its age but also reveal details about its place of origin, the school of the swordsmith, and specific artistic preferences. Crafted with ingenuity and infused with the smith’s soul, these swords are so exceptionally beautiful that one can’t help but think they harbor the spirits of gods and buddhas. They epitomize the ultimate form of balanced and functional beauty.

反りながら長く延びる刀身の切っ先は鋭利に磨き上げられ、木目のような肌模様や、刃と地鉄の間に見られる刀文と呼ばれる文様から、作られた年代はもとより、産地や刀工の流派、こだわりが見られます。刀鍛冶たちが創意工夫を凝らし、魂を込めて作り上げる刀剣は、神仏が宿っているとしか思えないほどの美しさです。均整がとれた機能美の究極の姿と言えるでしょう。

Swords are said to have developed uniquely in Japan from those introduced from the continent during the Kofun period (3rd to 7th century). Initially, they were straight swords without curvature, but during the Heian period, they underwent a change to a curved shape for easier downward swings from a horseback position. As the turbulent times unfolded, the demand for swords increased dramatically, leading to continuous evolution. Furthermore, during the Kamakura period (12-14 centuries), swordsmiths began receiving patronage from the imperial court, and swords reached the pinnacle of beauty. Even today, 80% of the swords preserved as national treasures were crafted during this era. Materials, structures, shapes, and sizes varied across different periods, and regional differences in artistic styles emerged. Swords, each with its own origin, history, legends, and anecdotes, become more intriguing as one delves deeper into their details.

刀剣は、古墳時代(3~7世紀)に大陸から伝来したものが日本独自に発展したと言われています。当初は反りのない直刀でしたが、平安時代になると、馬乗の姿勢から振り下ろしやすいよう反りのある形に変化します。以降、戦乱の世になると需要が急増し、どんどん進化していきます。さらに、鎌倉時代(12~14世紀)になると刀工が朝廷の庇護を受けるようになり、刀は美を極めます。今も国宝として残る刀の8割が、この時代に作られました。時代によって素材、構造、形、大きさが異なり、地域によっても作風が違います。由来や来歴、伝説やエピソードがついて回る刀剣は、知れば知るほど興味が広がります。

TOYOTOMI Hideyoshi, who unified the disturbances of war, is considered the greatest sword collector in history. According to HON’AMI Mitsunori, who served as a sword appraisal official, Hideyoshi stored 453 swords in Osaka Castle. The swordsmiths particularly cherished by Hideyoshi were “Yoshimitsu,” “Masamune,” and “Yoshihiro.” These craftsmen boasted outstanding expertise in the art of sword smithing during the Kamakura era. The Hon’ami family, renowned for sword appraisal and polishing, has continued as a prestigious lineage to this day.

戦国の世を統一した豊臣秀吉は、史上最大の刀剣収集家と言われています。大阪城に453振[ふり]を保管していたと、刀剣鑑定役を務めた本阿弥光徳(ルビ:ほんあみこうとく)が記しています。この秀吉が特に愛したことで知られる刀工が「吉光」「正宗」「義弘」です。彼らは鎌倉時代の卓越した技量を誇る刀工でした。本阿弥家は、その後も刀剣鑑定や研磨の名門一族として、今も脈々と続いています。

second blade on Japan Style

The Japanese swords, highly treasured by emperors and warriors, faced restrictions in the Meiji era (19th century) when carrying swords was prohibited. Furthermore, in 1945 after the end of World War II, all Japanese swords were deemed weapons by the GHQ (General Headquarters), putting them in a perilous situation. However, government officials dealing with national treasures and art pieces fervently protected these exceptional works of art deeply intertwined with Japan’s history and culture, allowing them to be preserved and owned.

天皇や武人から大切にされてきた刀剣ですが、明治(19世紀)になると刀を持ち歩くことが禁止されました。また、第二次世界大戦終結後の1945年にも、日本刀はすべてGHQに武器とみなされ、存亡の危機に立たされました。しかし、日本の歴史や文化と深く結びついた優れた美術工芸品として所持できるよう、国宝や美術品を扱っていた政府役人らが必死で守り通し、残すことができたのです。

The techniques and traditions of sword smithing, dating back nearly 2000 years, continue to be passed down to the present day, with new swords still being crafted in the modern era. Once a year, tamahagane, produced with the aim of preserving traditional techniques and training artisans, is provided to approximately 200 skilled swordsmiths who have completed over five years of training and practical examinations. The unchanged craftsmanship of Japanese swordsmiths, both in ancient and modern times, garners attention worldwide. Not only historical pieces but also newly crafted swords have gained popularity to the extent of being housed in renowned art museums around the world.

2000年近くにもなる作刀の技法と伝統は今に受け継がれ、現代でも新しい刀が打たれています。年に一度、伝統技術の伝承と技術者の養成を目的に製造される玉鋼が、5年以上の研修と実地試験を終了した刀工約200名に提供されます。昔も今も変わらぬ日本の刀鍛冶の技術は世界中から注目され、歴史ある古いものだけでなく、新作の刀剣も世界の名だたる美術館に収蔵されるほどの人気となっています。

The sword boom, originating from games like “Sengoku BASARA” and “Touken Ranbu,” has led to crowdfunding initiatives for the restoration and recreation of famous swords. Additionally, the influence is immeasurable, with a significant increase in female fans known as “touken joshi” or “sword girls.”

ゲーム「戦国BASARA」や「刀剣乱舞」に端を発した刀剣ブームは、名刀の復元、再現のためのクラウドファンディングにつながったほか、「刀剣女子」と呼ばれる女性ファンが急増するなど、その影響力は計り知れません。

In 2019, the beloved sword of AKECHI Mitsuhide, a 16th-century samurai, was discovered. In 2023, a sword exceeding two meters in length was unearthed from an ancient burial mound in Nara Prefecture. The discovery of long-lost or presumed-lost famous swords, after having been missing for an extended period, adds to the allure and romance surrounding these historical artifacts.

2019年には明智光秀(16世紀の武将)の愛刀が見つかり、2023年には奈良県の古墳から2メ―トルを超える剣が出てきました。長い間、所在不明であったり、失われたと思われていた名刀が発見されるのも、ロマンをかき立てられる理由の一つとなっています。

文:岩崎由美

Writer: Yumi Iwasaki

 

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